NASA Study Shows Role of Melt in Arctic Sea Ice Loss

Feature Nov. 09, 2010

NASA Study Shows Role of Melt in Arctic Sea Ice Loss

The full version of this story with accompanying images is at:
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-379&cid=release_2010-379

A NASA analysis of satellite data has quantified, for the first time, the amount of older and
thicker "multiyear" sea ice lost from the Arctic Ocean due to melting.

Since the start of the satellite record in 1979, scientists have observed the continued
disappearance of older "multiyear" sea ice that survives more than one summer melt season.
Some scientists suspected that this loss was due entirely to wind pushing the ice out of the Arctic
Basin -- a process that scientists refer to as "export." In this study, Ron Kwok and Glenn
Cunningham at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., used a suite of satellite
data to clarify the relative role of export versus melt within the Arctic Ocean.

Kwok and Cunningham show that between 1993 and 2009, a significant amount of multiyear ice
-- 1,400 cubic kilometers (336 cubic miles) -- was lost due to melt, not export.

"The paper shows that there is indeed melt of old ice within the Arctic basin and the melt area
has been increasing over the past several years," Kwok said. "The story is always more
complicated -- there is melt as well as export -- but this is another step in calculating the mass
and area balance of the Arctic ice cover."

The results have implications for understanding how Arctic sea ice gets redistributed, where melt
occurs in the Arctic Ocean, and how the ocean, ice and atmosphere interact as a system to
affect Earth's climate. The study was published in October 2010 in Geophysical Research
Letters.

Scientists track the annual cycle of Arctic sea ice coverage as it melts through the summer to
reach a minimum extent each September, before refreezing through fall and winter. Much of
that ice is seasonal, meaning that it forms and melts within the year.

But multiyear ice that survives more than one season has also been declining, as noted in
previous work by Joey Comiso of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., who
shows a loss of about 10 percent per decade since the beginning of the satellite record in 1979.
Scientists want to know where this loss is occurring.

"The decline of the multiyear ice cover of the last several decades has not been quantitatively
explained," Kwok said.

To investigate the loss of multiyear ice, Kwok and Cunningham looked at a 17-year span of data
from 1993 to 2009 from a range of polar-observing satellites and instruments, including NASA's
Quick Scatterometer (QuikScat); the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat); the
Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR); and the European Space Agency's
European Remote Sensing (ERS)-1 and -2 satellites. Some instruments track ice coverage,
while others track motion and concentration.

The team collected satellite images and tracked pixels of multiyear ice from April 1, prior to the
onset of seasonal melt, and into the summer. Pixels that deviated away from images of the ice
edge were considered lost to melt.

The team compared summertime melt of multiyear ice in the Beaufort Sea with estimates of ice
lost from the Arctic basin through the Fram Strait -- a major passage through which ice can exit
the Arctic Ocean. The comparison revealed how much multiyear ice was lost to export and how
much was lost to melt.

They found that over the 17-year period, an area of 947,000 square kilometers (365,639 square
miles), or about 32 percent of the decline in multiyear sea ice area, was lost in the Beaufort Sea
due to melt.

A similar calculation using thickness estimates from NASA's ICESat from 2004 to 2009 show a
volume loss of 1,400 cubic kilometers (336 cubic miles), or about 20 percent of the total loss by
volume.

How and where multiyear ice is lost has impacts on the Arctic system. For example, more loss
by melt means more freshwater remains in local Arctic waters rather than being transported
southward.

"These results also show that thick multiyear sea ice is not immune to melt in the Pacific sector
of the Arctic Ocean in today's climate," Kwok said.

The additional freshwater from melt in the Pacific sector, which encompasses the area of study,
could contribute to the freshening of the Beaufort Gyre and potentially influence circulation, but
the degree of that influence remains uncertain.

Not all of the multiyear ice loss is accounted for, however. Ice loss through Fram Strait and from
melt from 2005 to 2008 accounts for just 52 percent of total ice loss. The team suggests that
melt in other Arctic regions and outflow through other passages besides Fram Strait could
account for the difference.

Since its launch in 1999, QuikScat, developed and managed by JPL, has advanced Earth
science research and helped improve environmental predictions using measurements of global
radar backscatter from Earth's ocean, land and ice surfaces. QuikScat data help scientists better
understand and predict the processes that drive our climate, such as ocean circulation and the
global water cycle. In addition to its numerous weather forecasting and climate research
applications, QuikScat data also help monitor changes in Arctic sea ice and icebergs, as well as
snow and soil moisture changes on land. For more on QuikScat, visit:
http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/index.cfm .

For more information, see:

Missing 'Ice Arches' Contributed to 2007 Arctic Ice Loss
http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/earth20100218.html

NASA Satellite Reveals Dramatic Arctic Ice Thinning
http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/icesat-20090707r.html

Satellites Show Arctic Literally on Thin Ice
http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/arctic_thinice.html

Written by Kathryn Hansen
NASA's Earth Science News Team

-end-

Alan Buis 818-354-0474
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Alan.buis@jpl.nasa.gov

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