Monster Galaxies Lose Their Appetite With Age

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Whitney Clavin 818-354-4673
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
whitney.clavin@jpl.nasa.gov

News feature: 2013-239 Aug. 1, 2013

Monster Galaxies Lose Their Appetite With Age

The full version of this story with accompanying images is at:
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-239&cid=release_2013-239

Our universe is filled with gobs of galaxies, bound together by gravity into larger families
called clusters. Lying at the heart of most clusters is a monster galaxy thought to grow in
size by merging with neighboring galaxies, a process astronomers call galactic
cannibalism.

New research from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and Wide-field Infrared Survey
Explorer (WISE) is showing that, contrary to previous theories, these gargantuan galaxies
appear to slow their growth over time, feeding less and less off neighboring galaxies.

"We've found that these massive galaxies may have started a diet in the last 5 billion
years, and therefore have not gained much weight lately," said Yen-Ting Lin of the
Academia Sinica in Taipei, Taiwan, lead author of a study published in the Astrophysical
Journal.

Peter Eisenhardt, a co-author from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.,
said, "WISE and Spitzer are letting us see that there is a lot we do understand -- but also a
lot we don't understand -- about the mass of the most massive galaxies." Eisenhardt
identified the sample of galaxy clusters studied by Spitzer, and is the project scientist for
WISE.

The new findings will help researchers understand how galaxy clusters -- among the most
massive structures in our universe -- form and evolve.

Galaxy clusters are made up of thousands of galaxies, gathered around their biggest
member, what astronomers call the brightest cluster galaxy, or BCG. BCGs can be up to
dozens of times the mass of galaxies like our own Milky Way. They plump up in size by
cannibalizing other galaxies, as well as assimilating stars that are funneled into the
middle of a growing cluster.

To monitor how this process works, the astronomers surveyed nearly 300 galaxy clusters
spanning 9 billion years of cosmic time. The farthest cluster dates back to a time when
the universe was 4.3 billion years old, and the closest, when the universe was much older,
13 billion years old (our universe is presently 13.8 billion years old).

"You can't watch a galaxy grow, so we took a population census," said Lin. "Our new
approach allows us to connect the average properties of clusters we observe in the
relatively recent past with ones we observe further back in the history of the universe."

Spitzer and WISE are both infrared telescopes, but they have unique characteristics that
complement each other in studies like these. For instance, Spitzer can see more detail
than WISE, which enables it to capture the farthest clusters best. On the other hand,
WISE, an infrared all-sky survey, is better at capturing images of nearby clusters, thanks
to its larger field of view. Spitzer is still up and observing; WISE went into hibernation in
2011 after successfully scanning the sky twice.

The findings showed that BCG growth proceeded along rates predicted by theories until 5
billion years ago, or a time when the universe was about 8 billion years old. After that
time, it appears the galaxies, for the most part, stopped munching on other galaxies
around them.

The scientists are uncertain about the cause of BCGs' diminished appetites, but the results
suggest current models need tinkering.

"BCGs are a bit like blue whales -- both are gigantic and very rare in number. Our census
of the population of BCGs is in a way similar to measuring how the whales gain their
weight as they age. In our case, the whales aren't gaining as much weight as we thought.
Our theories aren't matching what we observed, leading us to new questions," said Lin.

Another possible explanation is that the surveys are missing large numbers of stars in the
more mature clusters. Clusters can be violent environments, where stars are stripped from
colliding galaxies and flung into space. If the recent observations are not detecting those
stars, it's possible that the enormous galaxies are, in fact, continuing to bulk up.

Future studies from Lin and others should reveal more about the feeding habits of one of
nature's largest galactic species.

JPL manages the Spitzer Space Telescope mission for NASA's Science Mission
Directorate, Washington. Science operations are conducted at the Spitzer Science Center
at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. Data are archived at the Infrared
Science Archive housed at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at Caltech.
Caltech manages JPL for NASA. For more information about Spitzer, visit
http://spitzer.caltech.edu and http://www.nasa.gov/spitzer .

JPL managed and operated WISE for NASA's Science Mission Directorate. Edward
Wright is the principal investigator and is at UCLA. The mission was selected
competitively under NASA's Explorers Program managed by the agency's Goddard
Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. The science instrument was built by the Space
Dynamics Laboratory in Logan, Utah. The spacecraft was built by Ball Aerospace &
Technologies Corp. in Boulder, Colo. Science operations and data processing take place
at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at the California Institute of Technology
in Pasadena. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. More information is online at
http://www.nasa.gov/wise and http://wise.astro.ucla.edu and http://jpl.nasa.gov/wise .

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