Study Finds Ancient Warming Greened Antarctica

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J. D. Harrington 202-358-5241
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News release: 2012-179 June 17, 2012

Study Finds Ancient Warming Greened Antarctica

The full version of this story with accompanying images is at:
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2012-179&cid=release_2012-179

PASADENA, Calif. -- A new university-led study with NASA participation finds ancient Antarctica
was much warmer and wetter than previously suspected. The climate was suitable to support
substantial vegetation -- including stunted trees -- along the edges of the frozen continent.

The team of scientists involved in the study, published online June 17 in Nature Geoscience, was led
by Sarah J. Feakins of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, and included researchers
from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., and Louisiana State University in Baton
Rouge.

By examining plant leaf wax remnants in sediment core samples taken from beneath the Ross Ice
Shelf, the research team found summer temperatures along the Antarctic coast 15 to 20 million years
ago were 20 degrees Fahrenheit (11 degrees Celsius) warmer than today, with temperatures reaching
as high as 45 degrees Fahrenheit (7 degrees Celsius). Precipitation levels also were found to be
several times higher than today.

"The ultimate goal of the study was to better understand what the future of climate change may look
like," said Feakins, an assistant professor of Earth sciences at the USC Dornsife College of Letters,
Arts and Sciences. "Just as history has a lot to teach us about the future, so does past climate. This
record shows us how much warmer and wetter it can get around the Antarctic ice sheet as the climate
system heats up. This is some of the first evidence of just how much warmer it was."

Scientists began to suspect that high-latitude temperatures during the middle Miocene epoch were
warmer than previously believed when co-author Sophie Warny, assistant professor at LSU,
discovered large quantities of pollen and algae in sediment cores taken around Antarctica. Fossils of
plant life in Antarctica are difficult to come by because the movement of the massive ice sheets
covering the landmass grinds and scrapes away the evidence.

"Marine sediment cores are ideal to look for clues of past vegetation, as the fossils deposited are
protected from ice sheet advances, but these are technically very difficult to acquire in the Antarctic
and require international collaboration," said Warny.

Tipped off by the tiny pollen samples, Feakins opted to look at the remnants of leaf wax taken from
sediment cores for clues. Leaf wax acts as a record of climate change by documenting the hydrogen
isotope ratios of the water the plant took up while it was alive.

"Ice cores can only go back about one million years," Feakins said. "Sediment cores allow us to go
into 'deep time.'"

Based upon a model originally developed to analyze hydrogen isotope ratios in atmospheric water
vapor data from NASA's Aura spacecraft, co-author and JPL scientist Jung-Eun Lee created
experiments to find out just how much warmer and wetter climate may have been.

"When the planet heats up, the biggest changes are seen toward the poles," Lee said. "The southward
movement of rain bands associated with a warmer climate in the high-latitude southern hemisphere
made the margins of Antarctica less like a polar desert, and more like present-day Iceland."

The peak of this Antarctic greening occurred during the middle Miocene period, between 16.4 and
15.7 million years ago. This was well after the age of the dinosaurs, which became extinct 64 million
years ago. During the Miocene epoch, mostly modern-looking animals roamed Earth, such as three-
toed horses, deer, camel and various species of apes. Modern humans did not appear until 200,000
years ago.

Warm conditions during the middle Miocene are thought to be associated with carbon dioxide levels
of around 400 to 600 parts per million (ppm). In 2012, carbon dioxide levels have climbed to 393
ppm, the highest they've been in the past several million years. At the current rate of increase,
atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are on track to reach middle Miocene levels by the end of this
century.

High carbon dioxide levels during the middle Miocene epoch have been documented in
other studies through multiple lines of evidence, including the number of microscopic pores
on the surface of plant leaves and geochemical evidence from soils and marine organisms.
While none of these 'proxies' is as reliable as the bubbles of gas trapped in ice cores,
they are the best evidence available this far back in time. While scientists do not yet know
precisely why carbon dioxide was at these levels during the middle Miocene, high
carbon dioxide, together with the global warmth documented from many parts of
the world and now also from the Antarctic region, appear to coincide during this period in
Earth's history.

This research was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation with additional support from
NASA. The California Institute of Technology in Pasadena manages JPL for NASA.

For more information about NASA programs and projects, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/ .

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