'This Planet Tastes Funny,' According to Spitzer Telescope

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Whitney Clavin 818-354-4673
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
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NEWS RELEASE: 2010-137 April 21, 2010

'THIS PLANET TASTES FUNNY,' ACCORDING TO SPITZER TELESCOPE

The full version of this story with accompanying images is at: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-137&cid=release_2010-137

PASADENA, Calif. – NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has discovered something odd about a
distant planet -- it lacks methane, an ingredient common to many of the planets in our solar
system.

"It's a big puzzle," said Kevin Stevenson, a planetary sciences graduate student at the University
of Central Florida in Orlando, lead author of a study appearing tomorrow, April 22 in the journal
Nature. "Models tell us that the carbon in this planet should be in the form of methane. Theorists
are going to be quite busy trying to figure this one out."

The discovery brings astronomers one step closer to probing the atmospheres of distant planets
the size of Earth. The methane-free planet, called GJ 436b, is about the size of Neptune, making
it the smallest distant planet that any telescope has successfully "tasted," or analyzed. Eventually,
a larger space telescope could use the same kind of technique to search smaller, Earth-like worlds
for methane and other chemical signs of life, such as water, oxygen and carbon dioxide.

"Ultimately, we want to find biosignatures on a small, rocky world. Oxygen, especially with even
a little methane, would tell us that we humans might not be alone," said Stevenson.

"In this case, we expected to find methane not because of the presence of life, but because of the
planet's chemistry. This type of planet should have cooked up methane. It's like dipping bread
into beaten eggs, frying it, and getting oatmeal in the end," said Joseph Harrington of the
University of Central Florida, the principal investigator of the research.

Methane is present on our life-bearing planet, manufactured primarily by microbes living in cows
and soaking in waterlogged rice fields. All of the giant planets in our solar system have methane
too, despite their lack of cows. Neptune is blue because of this chemical, which absorbs red light.
Methane is a common ingredient of relatively cool bodies, including "failed" stars, which are
called brown dwarfs.

In fact, any world with the common atmospheric mix of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen, and a
temperature up to 1,000 Kelvin (1,340 degrees Fahrenheit) is expected to have a large amount of
methane and a small amount of carbon monoxide. The carbon should "prefer" to be in the form of
methane at these temperatures.

At 800 Kelvin (or 980 degrees Fahrenheit), GJ 436b is supposed to have abundant methane and
little carbon monoxide. Spitzer observations have shown the opposite. The space telescope has
captured the planet's light in six infrared wavelengths, showing evidence for carbon monoxide
but not methane.

"We're scratching our heads," said Harrington. "But what this does tell us is that there is room for
improvement in our models. Now we have actual data on faraway planets that will teach us
what's really going on in their atmospheres."

GJ 436b is located 33 light-years away in the constellation Leo, the Lion. It rides in a tight, 2.64-
day orbit around its small star, an "M-dwarf" much cooler than our sun. The planet transits, or
crosses in front of, its star as viewed from Earth.

Spitzer was able to detect the faint glow of GJ 436b by watching it slip behind its star, an event
called a secondary eclipse. As the planet disappears, the total light observed from the star system
drops -- this drop is then measured to find the brightness of the planet at various wavelengths.
The technique, first pioneered by Spitzer in 2005, has since been used to measure atmospheric
components of several Jupiter-sized exoplanets, the so-called "hot Jupiters," and now the
Neptune-sized GJ 436b.

"The Spitzer technique is being pushed to smaller, cooler planets more like our Earth than the
previously studied hot Jupiters," said Charles Beichman, director of NASA's Exoplanet Science
Institute at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the California Institute of Technology, both
in Pasadena, Calif. "In coming years, we can expect that a space telescope could characterize the
atmosphere of a rocky planet a few times the size of the Earth. Such a planet might show
signposts of life."

This research was performed before Spitzer ran out of its liquid coolant in May 2009, officially
beginning its "warm" mission.

Other authors include: Sarah Nymeyer, William C. Bowman, Ryan A. Hardy and Nate B. Lust
from the University of Central Florida; Nikku Madhusudhan and Sara Seager of the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Drake Deming of NASA's Goddard Space
Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.; and Emily Rauscher of Columbia University, New York.

JPL manages the Spitzer Space Telescope mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate,
Washington. Science operations are conducted at the Spitzer Science Center at Caltech. Caltech
manages JPL for NASA. For more information about Spitzer, visit http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/spitzer and http://www.nasa.gov/spitzer .

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