NASA Tests First Deep-Space Internet

Rhea Borja 818-354-0850
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
rhea.r.borja@jpl.nasa.gov

Dwayne Brown 202-358-1726
NASA Headquarters, Washington
dwayne.c.brown@nasa.gov

Katherine Trinidad 202-358-1100
NASA Headquarters, Washington
Katherine.trinidad@nasa.gov

News Release: 2008-216 November 18, 2008

NASA Tests First Deep-Space Internet

PASADENA, Calif. - NASA has successfully tested the first deep space communications
network modeled on the Internet.

Working as part of a NASA-wide team, engineers from NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., used software called Disruption-Tolerant Networking, or
DTN, to transmit dozens of space images to and from a NASA science spacecraft
located about more than 32 million kilometers (20 million miles) from Earth.

"This is the first step in creating a totally new space communications capability, an
interplanetary Internet," said Adrian Hooke, team lead and manager of space-
networking architecture, technology and standards at NASA Headquarters in
Washington.

NASA and Vint Cerf, a vice president at Google, Inc., in Mountain View, Calif.,
partnered 10 years ago to develop this software protocol. The DTN sends information
using a method that differs from the normal Internet's Transmission-Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP communication suite, which Cerf co-designed.

The Interplanetary Internet must be robust enough to withstand delays, disruptions and
disconnections in space. Glitches can happen when a spacecraft moves behind a
planet, or when solar storms and long communication delays occur. The delay in
sending or receiving data from Mars takes between three-and-a-half to 20 minutes at
the speed of light.

Unlike TCP/IP on Earth, the DTN does not assume a continuous end-to-end connection.
In its design, if a destination path can't be found, the data packets are not discarded.
Instead, each network node keeps custody of the information as long as necessary until
it can safely communicate with another node. This store-and-forward method, similar to
basketball players safely passing the ball to the player nearest the basket, means that
information does not get lost when no immediate path to the destination exists.
Eventually, the information is delivered to the end user.

"In space today, an operations team has to manually schedule each link and generate
all the commands to specify which data to send, when to send it, and where to send it,"
said Leigh Torgerson, manager of the DTN Experiment Operations Center at JPL. "With
standardized DTN, this can all be done automatically."

Engineers began a month-long series of DTN demonstrations in October. Data were
transmitted using NASA's Deep Space Network in demonstrations occurring twice a
week. Engineers use NASA's Epoxi spacecraft as a Mars data-relay orbiter. Epoxi is on
a mission to encounter Comet Hartley 2 in two years.

"There are 10 nodes on this early interplanetary network," said Scott Burleigh of JPL,
lead software-engineer for the demonstrations. "One is the Epoxi spacecraft itself and
the other nine, which are on the ground at JPL, simulate Mars landers, orbiters and
ground mission-operations centers."

This month-long experiment is the first in a series of planned demonstrations to qualify
the technology for use on a variety of upcoming space missions, said Jay Wyatt,
manager of the Space Networking and Mission Automation Program Office at JPL. In
the next round of testing, a NASA-wide demonstration using new DTN software loaded
on board the International Space Station is scheduled to begin next summer.

In the next few years, the Interplanetary Internet could enable many new types of space
missions. Complex missions involving multiple landed, mobile and orbiting spacecraft
will be far easier to support through the use of the Interplanetary Internet. It could also
ensure reliable communications for astronauts on the surface of the moon.

The Deep Impact Networking Experiment is sponsored by the Space Communications
and Navigation Office in NASA's Space Operations Mission Directorate in Washington.
NASA's Science Mission Directorate and Discovery Program in Washington provided
experimental access to the Epoxi spacecraft. The Epoxi mission team provided critical
support throughout development and operations.

JPL is managed for NASA by the California Institution of Technology in Pasadena.

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