Cassini Tastes Organic Material at Saturn's Geyser Moon

JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109 TELEPHONE 818-354-5011
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov

Carolina Martinez 818-354-9382
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
carolina.martinez@jpl.nasa.gov

Dwayne Brown 202-358-1726
Headquarters, Washington
dwayne.c.brown@nasa.gov

NEWS RELEASE: 2008-050 March 26, 2008

Cassini Tastes Organic Material at Saturn's Geyser Moon

PASADENA, Calif. -- NASA's Cassini spacecraft tasted and sampled a surprising organic brew
erupting in geyser-like fashion from Saturn's moon Enceladus during a close flyby on March 12.
Scientists are amazed that this tiny moon is so active, "hot" and brimming with water vapor and
organic chemicals.

New heat maps of the surface show higher temperatures than previously known in the south polar
region, with hot tracks running the length of giant fissures. Additionally, scientists say the organics
"taste and smell" like some of those found in a comet. The jets themselves harmlessly peppered
Cassini, exerting measurable torque on the spacecraft, and providing an indirect measure of the
plume density.

"A completely unexpected surprise is that the chemistry of Enceladus, what's coming out from
inside, resembles that of a comet," said Hunter Waite, principal investigator for the Cassini Ion and
Neutral Mass Spectrometer at the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. "To have primordial
material coming out from inside a Saturn moon raises many questions on the formation of the Saturn
system."

"Enceladus is by no means a comet. Comets have tails and orbit the sun, and Enceladus' activity is
powered by internal heat while comet activity is powered by sunlight. Enceladus' brew is like
carbonated water with an essence of natural gas," said Waite.

The Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer saw a much higher density of volatile gases, water vapor,
carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, as well as organic materials, some 20 times denser than
expected. This dramatic increase in density was evident as the spacecraft flew over the area of the
plumes.

New high-resolution heat maps of the south pole by Cassini's Composite Infrared Spectrometer show
that the so-called tiger stripes, giant fissures that are the source of the geysers, are warm along
almost their entire lengths, and reveal other warm fissures nearby. These more precise new
measurements reveal temperatures of at least minus 93 degrees Celsius (minus 135 Fahrenheit.) That
is 17 degrees Celsius (63 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than previously seen and 93 degrees Celsius
(200 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than other regions of the moon. The warmest regions along the
tiger stripes correspond to two of the jet locations seen in Cassini images.

"These spectacular new data will really help us understand what powers the geysers. The
surprisingly high temperatures make it more likely that there's liquid water not far below the
surface," said John Spencer, Cassini scientist on the Composite Infrared Spectrometer team at the
Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colo.

Previous ultraviolet observations showed four jet sources, matching the locations of the plumes seen
in previous images. This indicates that gas in the plume blasts off the surface into space, blending to
form the larger plume.

Images from previous observations show individual jets and mark places from which they emanate.
New images show how hot spot fractures are related to other surface features. In future imaging
observations, scientists hope to see individual plume sources and investigate differences among
fractures.

"Enceladus has got warmth, water and organic chemicals, some of the essential building blocks
needed for life," said Dennis Matson, Cassini project scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
in Pasadena, Calif. "We have quite a recipe for life on our hands, but we have yet to find the final
ingredient, liquid water, but Enceladus is only whetting our appetites for more."

At closest approach, Cassini was only 30 miles from Enceladus. When it flew through the plumes it
was 120 miles from the moon's surface. Cassini's next flyby of Enceladus is in August.

The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and
the Italian Space Agency. The mission is managed by JPL for NASA's Science Mission Directorate,
Washington.

For images and more information, visit http://www.nasa.gov/cassini or http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/ .

-end-

To remove yourself from all mailings from NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, please go to http://www.kintera.org/TR.asp?a=jlKUKbPWJgIRLiK&s=fpISJSNtHbIEIRMzHpH&m=ltJWKbORKhK3G