Whether robots are exploring caves on other planets or disaster areas here on Earth, autonomy enables them to navigate extreme environments without human guidance or access to GPS.

The Subterranean Challenge, or SubT, is testing this kind of cutting-edge technology. Sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the contest concluded its second circuit on Wednesday, Feb. 27. Taking first in the competition was CoSTAR, a 12-robot, 60-person team led by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (there were also winners declared for a separate, virtual competition).

SubT is divided into four circuits spread over three years. With each, teams program their robots to navigate a complex underground course. The first contest, held last August, took place in a mine. For the most recent, called the Urban Circuit, teams raced against one another in an unfinished power plant in Elma, Washington.

Each team's robots searched for a set of 20 predetermined objects, earning a point for each find. For the Urban Circuit, CoSTAR earned 16 points; the No. 2 team, with 11 points, was Explorer, led by Carnegie Mellon University.

"The goal is to develop software for our robots that lets them decide how to proceed as they face new surprises," said CoSTAR's team lead Ali Agha of JPL. "These robots are highly autonomous and for the most part make decisions without human intervention."

CoSTAR, which stands for Collaborative SubTerranean Autonomous Robots, brought machines that can roll, walk or fly, depending on what they encounter. Along the way, the bots have to map the environment and find objects like a warm mannequin that simulates a disaster survivor or a lost cellphone with a Wi-Fi signal. This particular course, which aims to simulate an urban environment, also included a carbon dioxide leak and a warm air vent.

Joining the team for the Urban Circuit was a four-legged robot called Spot, which was provided by Boston Dynamics.

"One of the two courses we had to run had multiple levels, so it was great that the Boston Dynamics robots were fantastic on stairs," says Joel Burdick, a Caltech professor and JPL research scientist. He is the leader of the Caltech campus section of the CoSTAR team.

As the bots explore, they send back video and digital maps to a single human supervisor, who they remained in radio contact with for the first 100 feet (30 meters) or so of the course. They can extend that range by dropping communications nodes, a kind of wireless repeater.

Once out of contact, it's up to each robot to decide whether to proceed or backtrack in order to update the team. Each must also rely on fellow robots to access different levels of the course. For example, a wheeled robot might request a quadrupedal one to climb or descend a flight of stairs.

"These courses are very, very challenging, and most of the difficulty lies in communicating with the robots after they've gone out of range," Agha said. "That's critical for NASA: We want to send robots into caves on the Moon or Mars, where they have to explore on their own."

Mapping caves on the Moon or Mars could identify good shelters for future astronauts. Moreover, if it exists at all, microbial life has a better chance of survival under the surface of Mars or within the icy seas of planetary moons, like Europa, Enceladus and Titan. NASA wants to search for life in these regions, where robots would be frequently out of contact.

The next circuit in the Subterranean Challenge will be set in an undisclosed natural cave network this August. A final circuit that blends tunnels, urban environments and natural caves will take place in August of 2021. Teams competing in that final event have the opportunity to win up to $2 million in funding from DARPA.

CoSTAR, includes JPL; Caltech, which manages JPL for NASA; MIT; KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology); Sweden's Lulea University of Technology; and industry partners.

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Wednesday, February 26, 2020

Celebrate Pi Day with NASA

Celebrate Pi Day With NASA

NASA is joining schools, students and science centers across the U.S. as they celebrate one of the most well known and beloved numbers: 3.14, or pi. Used throughout the STEM world – especially for space exploration – pi is the number that results from dividing the circumference of any circle by its diameter. Pi can be and often is rounded to 3.14 even though its decimals never end, which is why the date 3/14 has been designated National Pi Day.

Looking for educational resources and activities to add to your Pi Day celebration? Check out these free offerings from the Education Office at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory:

NASA Pi Day Challenge

Each year, the JPL Education Office creates an illustrated Pi Day math challenge that features real-world problems NASA scientists and engineers solve to explore Earth and space. The 2020 challenge will be available as both a standards-aligned lesson for the classroom and as an activity students can do on their own. Answers will be released Monday, March 16. Explore our collection of lessons and problems from previous years' challenges at the links below, and check back on March 6 to participate in the 2020 NASA Pi Day Challenge!

The 2020 challenge goes online Friday, March 6!

› For Educators: NASA Pi Day Challenge Lesson Collection

› For Students: NASA Pi Day Challenge Slideshow

More Pi Resources

Article: How Many Decimals of Pi Do We Really Need? – While there are those who have memorized more than 70,000 digits of pi, JPL engineer Marc Rayman explains why you really only need a tiny fraction of that for even the highest-accuracy calculations at NASA.
› Read more

Article: Oh, the Places We Go: How NASA Uses Pi?

Article: Oh, the Places We Go: 18 Ways NASA Uses Pi – Whether it's sending spacecraft to other planets, driving rovers on Mars, finding out what planets are made of or how deep alien oceans are, pi takes us far at NASA. Find out how pi helps us explore space.
› Read more

Article: 10 Ways to Celebrate Pi Day with NASA – Whether you're doing it for the nerd cred or the pie, here are all the ways you can celebrate Pi Day with NASA.
› Read more

Share: Pi Day – What's Going 'Round – Tell us how you're celebrating Pi Day this year.
› Share your story

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Day in Review

DAY IN REVIEW

A Year of Surprising Science From NASA's InSight Mars Mission
A batch of new papers summarizes the lander's findings above and below the surface of the Red Planet.
› Read the full story

Santa Monica High Wins Regional Ocean Sciences Bowl
Now on its fifth consecutive win at the JPL-hosted event, the team will move on to the national rounds in April.
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Day in Review

DAY IN REVIEW

NASA's Mars InSight Lander to Push on Top of the 'Mole'
Engineers have a plan for pushing down on the heat probe, which has been stuck at the Martian surface for a year.
› Read the full story

NASA Wants Your Help Designing a Venus Rover Concept
To survive the planet's intense heat and crushing surface pressure, the rover would need an obstacle-avoidance system unlike any other.
› Read the full story

Leap Day Is Next Week! Get Students Doing the Math with Resources from NASA

Doing the Math on Why We Have Leap Day

You may have noticed that there's an extra day on your calendar this year. That's not a typo; it's leap day! Leap day is another name for Feb. 29, a date that typically comes around every four years, during a leap year. Why doesn't Feb. 29 appear on the calendar every year?

Read our primer on leap day to find out how the imperfect match between the length of a calendar year and Earth's orbit results in the need to make small adjustments to our calendar on a regular basis. Then, get students doing the math with our leap day math problem set and resources from NASA's Space Place.

Read the Blog

Related Lessons and Resources

	Lesson: Leap Day Math (Grades 5-8) – In this problem set, students calculate the difference between the calendar year and Earth's orbital period, determine how much extra time gets added to our calendar and identify which years omit leap years.
	Lesson Collection: Solar System Scale Models (Grades 1-12) – Explore a collection of standards-aligned lessons all about the size and scale of our solar system.
	Check out these related resources for kids from NASA’s Space Place: › Article: What is a Leap Year? › Article: How Long Is a Year on Other Planets?

Thursday, February 20, 2020

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