JPL News - Day in Review

 

DAY IN REVIEW NASA's NEOWISE Mission Spies One Comet, Maybe Two NASA's NEOWISE mission has recently discovered some celestial objects traveling through our neighborhood, including one on the blurry line between asteroid and comet. Another--definitely a comet--might be seen with binoculars through next week. An object called 2016 WF9 was detected by the NEOWISE project on Nov. 27, 2016. It's in an orbit that takes it on a scenic tour of our solar system. At its farthest distance from the sun, it approaches Jupiter's orbit. Over the course of 4.9 Earth-years, it travels inward, passing under the main asteroid belt and the orbit of Mars until it swings just inside Earth's own orbit. After that, it heads back toward the outer solar system. Objects in these types of orbits have multiple possible origins; it might once have been a comet, or it could have strayed from a population of dark objects in the main asteroid belt. 2016 WF9 will approach Earth's orbit on Feb. 25, 2017. At a distance of nearly 32 million miles (51 million kilometers) from Earth, this pass will not bring it particularly close. The trajectory of 2016 WF9 is well understood, and the object is not a threat to Earth for the foreseeable future. A different object, discovered by NEOWISE a month earlier, is more clearly a comet, releasing dust as it nears the sun. This comet, C/2016 U1 NEOWISE, "has a good chance of becoming visible through a good pair of binoculars, although we can't be sure because a comet's brightness is notoriously unpredictable," said Paul Chodas, manager of NASA's Center for Near-Earth Object (NEO) Studies at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. As seen from the northern hemisphere during the first week of 2017, comet C/2016 U1 NEOWISE will be in the southeastern sky shortly before dawn. It is moving farther south each day and it will reach its closest point to the sun, inside the orbit of Mercury, on Jan. 14, before heading back out to the outer reaches of the solar system for an orbit lasting thousands of years. While it will be visible to skywatchers at Earth, it is not considered a threat to our planet either. NEOWISE is the asteroid-and-comet-hunting portion of the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) mission. After discovering more than 34,000 asteroids during its original mission, NEOWISE was brought out of hibernation in December of 2013 to find and learn more about asteroids and comets that could pose an impact hazard to Earth. If 2016 WF9 turns out to be a comet, it would be the 10th discovered since reactivation. If it turns out to be an asteroid, it would be the 100th discovered since reactivation. What NEOWISE scientists do know is that 2016 WF9 is relatively large: roughly 0.3 to 0.6 mile (0.5 to 1 kilometer) across. It is also rather dark, reflecting only a few percent of the light that falls on its surface. This body resembles a comet in its reflectivity and orbit, but appears to lack the characteristic dust and gas cloud that defines a comet. "2016 WF9 could have cometary origins," said Deputy Principal Investigator James "Gerbs" Bauer at JPL. "This object illustrates that the boundary between asteroids and comets is a blurry one; perhaps over time this object has lost the majority of the volatiles that linger on or just under its surface." Near-Earth objects (NEOs) absorb most of the light that falls on them and re-emit that energy at infrared wavelengths. This enables NEOWISE's infrared detectors to study both dark and light-colored NEOs with nearly equal clarity and sensitivity. "These are quite dark objects," said NEOWISE team member Joseph Masiero, "Think of new asphalt on streets; these objects would look like charcoal, or in some cases are even darker than that." NEOWISE data have been used to measure the size of each near-Earth object it observes. Thirty-one asteroids that NEOWISE has discovered pass within about 20 lunar distances from Earth's orbit, and 19 are more than 460 feet (140 meters) in size but reflect less than 10 percent of the sunlight that falls on them. The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) has completed its seventh year in space after being launched on Dec. 14, 2009. Data from the NEOWISE mission are available on a website for the public and scientific community to use. A guide to the NEOWISE data release, data access instructions and supporting documentation are available at: http://wise2.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/release/neowise/ Access to the NEOWISE data products is available via the on-line and API services of the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive. A list of peer-reviewed papers using the NEOWISE data is available at: http://neowise.ipac.caltech.edu/publications.html

 

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JPL News - Day in Review

 

DAY IN REVIEW NASA Releases New, Detailed Greenland Glacier Data NASA's Oceans Melting Greenland (OMG) mission has released preliminary data on the heights of Greenland coastal glaciers from its first airborne campaign in March 2016. The new data show the dramatic increase in coverage that the mission provides to scientists and other interested users. Finalized data on glacier surface heights, accurate within three feet (one meter) or less vertically, will be available by Feb. 1, 2017. As glaciers break off, melt and retreat, they generally speed up. That makes them stretch out and causes their top surfaces to drop lower. By observing how Greenland glaciers' heights change throughout the five-year OMG campaign, scientists will be able to infer how the volume of ice in the glaciers is changing. The new survey was made with a NASA instrument called the GLacier and Ice Surface Topography INterferometer (GLISTIN-A), which produces very accurate maps of surface topography with high spatial resolution. Because the instrument is flown on an aircraft, it can survey far more of Greenland's coastal glaciers than have previously been studied from ground level, with far more detail than is currently available in satellite observations. In a new video, OMG principal investigator Josh Willis of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, compares pre-OMG coverage of the Jakobshavn region of Greenland with coverage obtained by GLISTIN-A this spring. The detailed scientific data from the OMG GLISTIN-A campaign are at: https://omg.jpl.nasa.gov/portal/browse/OMGEV-ICEGA/ OMG's fall ocean probe data are also available at: https://omg.jpl.nasa.gov/portal/browse/OMGEV-AXCTD/ NASA collects data from space, air, land and sea to increase our understanding of our home planet, improve lives and safeguard our future. NASA develops new ways to observe and study Earth's interconnected natural systems with long-term data records. The agency freely shares this unique knowledge and works with institutions around the world to gain new insights into how our planet is changing.

 

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JPL News - Day in Review

 

DAY IN REVIEW Small Troughs Growing on Mars May Become 'Spiders' Erosion-carved troughs that grow and branch during multiple Martian years may be infant versions of larger features known as Martian "spiders." › Read the full story Meet a 'Spacecraft Dressmaker' Meet one of the seamstresses behind JPL's thermal blankets, which protect spacecraft from extreme environments. › Read the full story

 

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JPL News - Day in Review

 

DAY IN REVIEW New Technology Could Help Track Firefighters for Safety In 1999, six career firefighters lost their lives responding to a five-alarm fire. They were part of a group of 73 dispatched to a smoke-filled warehouse in Worcester, Massachusetts. Lost inside the building's tight corners, they were unable to find an exit before running out of oxygen. Avoiding a tragedy like that has been a technical challenge for decades. In the outdoors, firefighters can use GPS to track one another, and radios to stay in communication. But when they move into a steel and concrete building, these technologies suddenly become unreliable. A research team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, has developed a tracking system that could be a game-changer for firefighter safety. The team has been demonstrating the system, called POINTER (Precision Outdoor and Indoor Navigation and Tracking for Emergency Responders), for national and regional leaders in the first-responder community. The tracking technology could also benefit search-and-rescue teams in industrial or military contexts. In August, POINTER was successfully demonstrated for top leadership at the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate, which has funded its development. "To this day, the ability to track and locate first responders is a number one priority for disaster agencies across the country," said Greg Price, DHS First Responder Technologies Division director. "It's truly a Holy Grail capability that doesn't exist today. If the POINTER project continues along its current path of success, first responders will be safer in the future." Price observed the demo, along with DHS Under Secretary for Science and Technology Reginald Brothers and Deputy Under Secretary Robert Griffin. In September, representatives from fire departments across the U.S. visited JPL for a demonstration of POINTER. The tracking challenge was top of mind for Andrew Wordin, a battalion chief with the Los Angeles Fire Department: just weeks before, a firefighter became lost in a building after a roof gave way under him. "They immediately declared a mayday," Wordin said. "As soon as that happens, everything stops. All radio traffic stops. All incident management stops." Everyone's job becomes finding that lost firefighter and ensuring his safety. Wordin called the POINTER demo "very exciting," saying it showed promise for addressing the tracking problem inside of buildings. The science of waves and fields POINTER is both a technological and a mathematical breakthrough. JPL's Darmindra Arumugam solved a problem researchers had been looking at since the 1970s. Most of that research has focused on radio waves, which have the advantage of propagating energy over long distances. That's made them ideal for communications and sensory technologies like radar. But they're also notoriously unpredictable indoors: they ricochet off walls and won't penetrate far underground. This is why you might lose your phone signal when you enter a steel-reinforced building or walk down to a basement. Instead, Arumugam started looking at electromagnetic fields -- quasistatic fields, to be exact. These fields have been largely overlooked by researchers because they have short ranges. They're limited to just a few hundred yards, or meters, but they don't behave like waves. They can get around walls, offering increased non-line-of-sight capabilities. The fields can also be tweaked to different sizes and wavelengths. Whereas waves represent energy in constant motion over time, fields can be stationary, or can change so slowly that they appear stationary (known as quasi-stationary or quasi-static). They can even be used to sense the different orientations of devices. That last part is important. A tracking device emitting a quasi-static field would tell a receiver where it was in space, plus which way it was facing. It could tell a team commander whether a firefighter is crawling along the ground or is stationary, facing down on the floor -- suggesting that person may have stopped moving. All of this involves complicated mathematics. Arumugam developed the theory, technique and algorithms that can analyze both the electrical and the magnetic components of quasistatic fields. These algorithms are the key to being able to interpret the quasistatic fields and their signaling. A pocket-sized lifesaver The technology is now being developed further so that it can be miniaturized and prepared for commercialization. Besides first responders, the need for this technology spans industrial, military and space applications. Arumugam and his team put together a field transmitter that fits on a backpack, and they've shown it can be shrunk down to a device that weighs 0.4 ounces (11.7 grams). Over the next few years, JPL will be working to shrink POINTER even further, until a transmitter is small enough to fit into a pocket or on a belt buckle. Arumugam said a device of this type could be a lifesaver for future search-and-rescue teams, but has wide potential application beyond that. "POINTER could be used in space robotics," he said. "It could be used for tracking robots in underground tunnels, caves or under ice. They need to be able to navigate themselves, and we don't have sensors today that would be able to track them. For us, this is a great opportunity to develop a technology for NASA and non-NASA uses." Ed Chow, manager of JPL's Civil Program Office and POINTER program manager, said a cellphone-sized tracker would integrate well with another first responder technology called AUDREY. This artificial intelligence system would distribute real-time data across a team of first responders, but distributing relevant information depends on knowing each member's exact location in the field. "AUDREY is trying to provide suggested directions for firefighters lost in smoke," Chow said. "But without knowing each member's exact position and orientation, you can't make those kinds of suggestions."

 

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JPL News - Day in Review

 

DAY IN REVIEW New NASA Hurricane Tracking Mission on Track NASA confirmed Friday morning that all eight spacecraft of its latest Earth science mission are in good shape. The Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) will provide scientists with advanced technology to see inside tropical storms and hurricanes as never before. CYGNSS launched into orbit at 5:37 a.m. PST (8:37 a.m. EST) Thursday aboard an Orbital ATK air-launched Pegasus XL launch vehicle. The rocket was dropped and launched from Orbital's Stargazer L-1011 aircraft, which took off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of central Florida. "The launch of CYGNSS is a first for NASA and for the scientific community," said Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator for the agency's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. "As the first orbital mission in our Earth Venture program, CYGNSS will make unprecedented measurements in the most violent, dynamic and important portions of tropical storms and hurricanes." The CYGNSS constellation will make frequent and accurate measurements of ocean surface winds in and near a hurricane's inner core, including regions beneath the eyewall and intense inner rainbands that previously could not be measured from space. CYGNSS will do this by using both direct and reflected signals from existing GPS satellites to obtain estimates of surface wind speed over the ocean. "CYGNSS will provide us with detailed measurements of hurricane wind speeds, an important indicator of a storm's intensity," said Christopher Ruf, CYGNSS principal investigator at the University of Michigan's Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering in Ann Arbor. "Ultimately, the measurements from this mission will help improve hurricane track and intensity forecasts." "In the vast majority of cases we can predict a hurricane's track very accurately, but we still have a very hard time knowing how intense the storms will be when they get where they're going," said Derek Posselt, CYGNSS deputy principal investigator at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. "It's the intensity of hurricanes -- the wind speed and the storm surge -- that really determines how much damage there will be and whether a population will need to evacuate or shelter in place." CYGNSS is the first orbital mission competitively selected by NASA's Earth Venture program, managed by the Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program Office at NASA's Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia. This program focuses on low-cost, science-driven missions to enhance our understanding of the current state of Earth and its complex, dynamic system and enable continual improvement in the prediction of future changes. "There is a feeling of pride and joy knowing that you have been a part of something that is much bigger than yourself and will potentially have a significant positive impact on the general public safety," said Jim Wells, ESSP mission manager. Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio led the development, integration and operation of the CYGNSS microsatellites. The Space Physics Research Laboratory at the University of Michigan College of Engineering leads the overall mission execution, and its Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering department leads the science investigation. The Earth Science Division of NASA's Science Mission Directorate oversees the mission. The NASA Launch Services Program, based at the agency's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, was responsible for spacecraft/launch vehicle integration and launch management. Orbital ATK Corp. of Dulles, Virginia, provided the Pegasus XL launch service to NASA. For more information about CYGNSS, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/cygnss NASA collects data from space, air, land and sea to increase our understanding of our home planet, improve lives and safeguard our future. The agency develops new ways to observe and study Earth's interconnected natural systems with long-term data records. The agency freely shares this unique knowledge and works with institutions around the world to gain new insights into how our planet is changing. For information about NASA's Earth science programs, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/earth

 

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JPL News - Day in Review

 

DAY IN REVIEW Where is the Ice on Ceres? New NASA Dawn Findings At first glance, Ceres, the largest body in the main asteroid belt, may not look icy. › Read the full story Are planets like those in 'Star Wars: Rogue One' really out there? NASA plans to find out In the "Star Wars" universe, ice, ocean and desert planets burst from the darkness as your ship drops out of light speed. But these worlds might be more than science fiction. › Read the full story

 

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JPL News - Day in Review

 

DAY IN REVIEW Mars Rock-Ingredient Stew Seen as Plus for Habitability NASA's Curiosity rover finds evidence of how changes in ancient Mars lakes and wet underground environments, billions of years ago, affected favorability for microbial life. › Read the full story NASA Releases New Eye-Popping View of Carbon Dioxide Follow the movement of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere in a new NASA visualization created using data from JPL's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 satellite. › Read the full story

 

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JPL News - Day in Review

 

DAY IN REVIEW NASA Technology is all Around You From GoPros to self-driving tractors, many industries are benefitting from JPL technology. › Read the full story NASA/USGS Provide Global View of Speed of Ice Glaciers and ice sheets move in unique patterns, as evidenced by a new capability that uses satellites to map ice flow speeds in Greenland, Antarctica and mountain ranges. › Read the full story Earth's Magnetic Fields Could Track Ocean Heat: NASA As Earth warms, much of the extra heat is stored in the planet's ocean -- but monitoring the magnitude of that heat content is a difficult task. › Read the full story

 

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NASA/JPL Educator Workshop - Earth Science

 

Earth Science Educator Workshop When: Saturday, Jan. 14, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. Where: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California Target Audience: Formal and informal educators for grades K-8 Overview: Explore the impacts of increasing global temperature on glaciers and sea level using real satellite data from NASA. Then, discover ways to turn these resources into engineering, math and science lessons for students. Finally, learn to use the engineering design process to develop water-filtration and recycling systems to minimize our adverse impact on the water cycle. › Submit a reservation request Questions? Call the Educator Resource Center at 818-393-5917. Can't attend the workshop? Explore these lessons online Water Filtration Challenge – Students work in teams employing an iterative design process to design and build a water filtration device using commonly available materials. Lessons in Sea-Level Rise – What is sea-level rise and how does it affect us? This "Teachable Moment" looks at the science behind sea-level rise and offers lessons and tools for teaching students about this important climate topic. This free workshop is offered through the NASA/JPL Educator Resource Center, which provides formal and informal educators with NASA resources and materials that support STEM learning. Discover More From NASA Space Place NASA Space Place is a premier destination for science, technology, engineering and mathematics content for children between the ages of 8 and 13. Subscribe to The Space Place Newsletter to discover new educational games, videos and hands-on activities.

 

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JPL News - Day in Review

 

DAY IN REVIEW Cassini Beams Back First Images from New Orbit NASA's Cassini spacecraft has sent to Earth its first views of Saturn's atmosphere since beginning the latest phase of its mission. The new images show scenes from high above Saturn's northern hemisphere, including the planet's intriguing hexagon-shaped jet stream. Cassini began its new mission phase, called its Ring-Grazing Orbits, on Nov. 30. Each of these weeklong orbits -- 20 in all -- carries the spacecraft high above Saturn's northern hemisphere before sending it skimming past the outer edges of the planet's main rings. Cassini's imaging cameras acquired these latest views on Dec. 2 and 3, about two days before the first ring-grazing approach to the planet. Future passes will include images from near closest approach, including some of the closest-ever views of the outer rings and small moons that orbit there. "This is it, the beginning of the end of our historic exploration of Saturn. Let these images -- and those to come -- remind you that we've lived a bold and daring adventure around the solar system's most magnificent planet," said Carolyn Porco, Cassini imaging team lead at Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado. The next pass by the rings' outer edges is planned for Dec. 11. The ring-grazing orbits will continue until April 22, when the last close flyby of Saturn's moon Titan will once again reshape Cassini's flight path. With that encounter, Cassini will begin its Grand Finale, leaping over the rings and making the first of 22 plunges through the 1,500-mile-wide (2,400-kilometer) gap between Saturn and its innermost ring on April 26. On Sept. 15, the mission's planned conclusion will be a final dive into Saturn's atmosphere. During its plunge, Cassini will transmit data about the atmosphere's composition until its signal is lost. Launched in 1997, Cassini has been touring the Saturn system since arriving in 2004 for an up-close study of the planet, its rings and moons. Cassini has made numerous dramatic discoveries, including a global ocean with indications of hydrothermal activity within the moon Enceladus, and liquid methane seas on another moon, Titan. For details about Cassini's ring-grazing orbits, visit: https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2966/ring-grazing-orbits The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Italian Space Agency. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of Caltech in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. JPL designed, developed and assembled the Cassini orbiter. More information about Cassini is at: http://www.nasa.gov/cassini http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov

 

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JPL News - Day in Review

 

DAY IN REVIEW Cassini Makes First Ring-Grazing Plunge NASA's Saturn-orbiting Cassini spacecraft has made its first close dive past the outer edges of Saturn's rings since beginning its penultimate mission phase on Nov. 30. Cassini crossed through the plane of Saturn's rings on Dec. 4 at 5:09 a.m. PST (8:09 a.m. EST) at a distance of approximately 57,000 miles (91,000 kilometers) above Saturn's cloud tops. This is the approximate location of a faint, dusty ring produced by the planet's small moons Janus and Epimetheus, and just 6,800 miles (11,000 kilometers) from the center of Saturn's F ring. About an hour prior to the ring-plane crossing, the spacecraft performed a short burn of its main engine that lasted about six seconds. About 30 minutes later, as it approached the ring plane, Cassini closed its canopy-like engine cover as a protective measure. "With this small adjustment to the spacecraft's trajectory, we're in excellent shape to make the most of this new phase of the mission," said Earl Maize, Cassini project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. A few hours after the ring-plane crossing, Cassini began a complete scan across the rings with its radio science experiment to study their structure in great detail. "It's taken years of planning, but now that we're finally here, the whole Cassini team is excited to begin studying the data that come from these ring-grazing orbits," said Linda Spilker, Cassini project scientist at JPL. "This is a remarkable time in what's already been a thrilling journey." Cassini's imaging cameras obtained views of Saturn about two days before crossing through the ring plane, but not near the time of closest approach. The focus of this first close pass was the engine maneuver and observations by Cassini's other science instruments. Future dives past the rings will feature some of the mission's best views of the outer regions of the rings and small, nearby moons. Each of Cassini's orbits for the remainder of the mission will last one week. The next pass by the rings' outer edges is planned for Dec. 11. The ring-grazing orbits -- 20 in all -- will continue until April 22, when the last close flyby of Saturn's moon Titan will reshape Cassini's flight path. With that encounter, Cassini will leap over the rings, making the first of 22 plunges through the 1,500-mile-wide (2,400-kilometer) gap between Saturn and its innermost ring on April 26. On Sept. 15, the mission will conclude with a final plunge into Saturn's atmosphere. During the plunge, Cassini will transmit data on the atmosphere's composition until its signal is lost. Launched in 1997, Cassini has been touring the Saturn system since arriving there in 2004 for an up-close study of the planet, its rings and moons. During its journey, Cassini has made numerous dramatic discoveries, including a global ocean with indications of hydrothermal activity within the moon Enceladus, and liquid methane seas on another moon, Titan. For details about Cassini's ring-grazing orbits, visit: https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2966/ring-grazing-orbits The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Italian Space Agency. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of Caltech in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. JPL designed, developed and assembled the Cassini orbiter. More information about Cassini is at: http://www.nasa.gov/cassini http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov

 

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JPL News - Day in Review

 

DAY IN REVIEW Students Test Their Concepts in JPL Invention Challenge Catapults, conveyor belts and vacuums were among the many innovative devices built by students for the 2016 Invention Challenge, an annual engineering competition hosted at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. The event was designed to inspire students to pursue careers in engineering. It allows students to create their own devices and compete against each other and professional teams of engineers from JPL. Middle schools and high schools were represented from across the Los Angeles area and as far away as Riverside and Diamond Bar. One team even required passports: Feza Boys School of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The winners were two teams from Oakwood High School in North Hollywood, named Oakwood #1 and #2, and Los Angeles High School, whose team name was "Diamond." Awards were also presented for the most creative, most unusual, and most artistic devices. This year's theme, "Don't Waste a Drop," required students to move 250 grams of water and a 3-D printed goldfish from a plastic cup to a larger water vessel. The challenges were many: getting systems of weights and pulleys to move smoothly; making sure cups didn't tilt too far or spill too much water; and even preventing the goldfish from breaking, which resulted in disqualification. Now in its nineteenth year, the Invention Challenge has inspired former participants to recreate the competition in their home countries, said Paul MacNeal, a JPL mechanical systems engineer and the contest's organizer. "Our goal with this event is to inspire the next generation of engineers," MacNeal said. "It's great to see just how far that inspiration has extended. It's a fun way to teach teamwork and innovative thinking." Dogan Aykurt, a Turkish teacher who brought the Tanzanian team to JPL, had participated in the Istanbul Invention Challenge in Turkey when he was in graduate school. The Istanbul event utilizes the rules of the JPL Invention Challenge and is held one day later. He hoped that bringing his students all the way to the U.S. would help them to dream big and develop science and technology in their own country. "I thought if we bring these students to JPL, they'll get new ideas," Aykurt said. "That's a big issue for them, because Tanzania is still a developing country." He hopes to bring students from a neighboring girl's school next year. The designs of the devices were varied. For example, Arcadia High School's team, Absolute Value C, developed a conveyor belt design. The engineering challenges evolved as the project developed -- and included staying dry. "Initially, the water would go so fast it would shoot over the end," said Arcadia High senior Lauren Shen. "We added a guard so it wouldn't shoot over. But one time, we forget to put the vessel on the end, and I was sitting on the ground and it soaked me." Fortunately, that didn't happen during today's event. Caltech in Pasadena, California, manages JPL for NASA.

 

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